Q: My 88-year old mother often complains of various aches and pains. What is the safest over-the-counter painkiller for her to take? Aren’t some of them bad for your liver and kidneys?
A: Frequent aches and pains are a common problem for older adults.
If your mother has been complaining, you’ll want to make sure she gets a careful evaluation from her doctor. After all, frequent pain can be a sign of an important underlying health problem that needs attention. You’re also more likely to help your mom reduce her pain if you can help her doctors identify the underlying causes of her pain.
That said, it’s a good idea to ask what over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers are safest for older people.
That’s because improper use of OTC painkiller tablets is actually a major cause of harm to older adults.
So let me tell you what OTC pain relievers geriatricians usually consider the safest, and which very common group of painkillers can cause serious side-effects in aging adults.
What’s the safest OTC painkiller for an aging parent?
For most older adults, the safest oral OTC analgesic drug for daily or frequent use is acetaminophen (brand name Tylenol), provided you are careful to not exceed a total dose of 3,000mg per day.
Acetaminophen is usually called paracetamol outside the U.S.
It is processed by the liver and in high doses can cause serious — sometimes even life-threatening — liver injury. So if an older person has a history of alcohol abuse or chronic liver disease, then an even lower daily limit will be needed, and I would strongly advise you to talk to a doctor about what daily limit might be suitable.
The tricky thing with acetaminophen is that it’s actually included in lots of different over-the-counter medications (e.g. Nyquil, Theraflu) and prescription medications (e.g. Percocet). So people can easily end up taking more daily acetaminophen than they realize. This can indeed be dangerous; research suggests that 40% of acetaminophen overdose cases are accidental.
But when taken at recommended doses, acetaminophen has surprisingly few serious side effects and rarely harms older adults. Unlike non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, see below), it does not put older adults at risk of internal bleeding, and it seems to have minimal impacts on kidney function and cardiovascular risk.
Also safe for pain relief in aging: over-the-counter topical analgesics
Another option to consider are topical analgesics creams; a variety of them are available over-the-counter. I generally recommend trying a few different ones, to see which one seems to provide better relief for a particular person.
Be careful or avoid oral over-the-counter anti-inflammatory drugs
At the drugstore, the most common alternatives to acetaminophen are painkiller tablets such as ibuprofen (brand names Advil and Motrin) and naproxen (brand names Aleve, Naprosyn, and Anaprox).
Both of these are part of a class of drugs known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Many people are familiar with these medications. But in fact, older adults should be very careful before using NSAIDs often or regularly.
Unlike acetaminophen, which usually doesn’t become much riskier as people get older, NSAIDs cause side effects that are especially likely to become dangerous as people get older. These include:
- Increased risk of bleeding in the stomach, small bowel, or colon. Older adults who take a daily aspirin or a blood thinner are at especially high risk.
- Problems with the stomach lining, which can cause stomach pain or even peptic ulcer disease.
- Decreased kidney function. This can be especially problematic for those many older adults who have already experienced a chronic decline in kidney function.
- Interference with high blood pressure medications.
- Fluid retention and increased risk of heart failure.
Experts have estimated that NSAIDs cause 41,00 hospitalizations and 3,300 deaths among older adults every year.
Recent research has also suggested that NSAIDs cause a small but real increase in the risk of cardiovascular events (e.g. heart attacks and strokes).
Because of these well-known serious side effects of NSAIDs in older adults, in 2009 the American Geriatrics Society recommended that older adults avoid using NSAIDS for the treatment of chronic persistent pain. Today, oral NSAIDs remain on the Beer’s List of medications that older adults should avoid or use with caution. (For more on the Beer’s list, see this article: Medications Older Adults Should Avoid or Use with Caution: The American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria 2023 Update.)
Now, it’s important to know NSAIDs can also be prescribed as creams or gels. These topical forms are much safer, and can be effective for pain relief. (In fact, as of 2020, the topical NSAID Voltaren gel is now available without a prescription.)
Despite the well-established risks of oral NSAIDs, NSAID painkiller tablets are often bought by seniors at the drugstore. Perhaps even worse, NSAIDs are often prescribed to older adults by physicians, because the anti-inflammatory effect can provide relief from arthritis pain, gout, and other common health ailments.
(Commonly prescribed NSAIDs include indomethacin, diclofenac, sulindac, meloxicam, and celecoxib. These tend to be stronger than the NSAIDs available without a prescription. However, stronger NSAIDs are associated with higher risks of serious side effects, unless they are used as a cream or gel, in which case the risks are much less.)
Now let me share a true story. Many years ago, a man in his 70s transferred to my patient panel. He had been taking a daily NSAID for several months, prescribed by the previous doctor, to treat his chronic shoulder arthritis.
I cautioned him about continuing this medication, explaining that it could cause serious internal bleeding. He seemed dubious, and said his previous doctor had never mentioned bleeding. He wanted to continue it. I decided to let it slide for the time being.
A few weeks later, he was hospitalized for internal bleeding from his stomach. Naturally, I felt terrible about it.
This is not to say that older adults should never use NSAIDs. They are often more effective pain relievers than acetaminophen, especially for conditions such as arthritis. So even in geriatrics, we sometimes conclude that the likely benefits seem to outweigh the likely risks.
But this conclusion really should be reached in partnership with the patient and family; only they can tell us how much that pain relief means to them, and how concerned they are about the risk of bleeding and other dangerous side effects. (It’s also possible to reduce the risk of bleeding by having a patient take a medication to reduce stomach acid.)
Unfortunately, far too many older adults are never informed of the risks associated with NSAIDs. And in the drugstore, they sometimes choose ibuprofen over acetaminophen, because they’ve heard that Tylenol can cause liver failure.
Yes, acetaminophen has risks as well. But every year, NSAIDs cause far more hospitalizations among older adults than acetaminophen does.
Aspirin: a special NSAID we no longer use for pain
Aspirin is another analgesic drug available over-the-counter.
It’s technically also an NSAID, but its chemical structure is a bit different from the other NSAIDs. This is what allows it to be effective in reducing strokes and heart attacks. It is also less likely to affect the kidneys than other NSAIDs are.
(For more on the risks and benefits of aspirin, see this MayoClinic.com article.)
Aspirin is no longer used as an analgesic by the medical community. But many older adults still reach for aspirin to treat their aches and pains, because they are used to thinking of it as a painkiller. Aspirin is also included in certain over-the-counter medications, such as Excedrin.
Taking a very occasional aspirin for a headache or other pain is not terribly risky for most aging adults. But using aspirin more often increases the risk of internal bleeding. So, I discourage my older patients from using aspirin for pain.
Note: A daily baby aspirin also used to be recommended for the primary prevention of heart disease. However, because research showed that in older adults, the risk of bleeding was often higher than the expected protection of a baby aspirin, the US Preventive Services Task Force no longer recommends a daily aspirin for primary prevention in older adults. (A daily aspirin is still however often recommended for those older adults who have already had a heart attack or stroke.)
FAQ: What’s the strongest OTC painkiller?
I’m also sometimes asked what is the “strongest” available over-the-counter analgesic drug.
To be honest, for many aches and pains, most people seem to find anti-inflammatory analgesic drugs (also known as NSAIDs) more effective for pain relief than acetaminophen. This can be especially true if one takes a higher dose, such as 600mg of ibuprofen.
The problem, of course, is that higher doses (and more frequent doses) of NSAIDs create higher risks for older adults.
For this reason, I discourage older adults and their families from trying to get the “strongest” oral OTC pain reliever.
Tips on safer use of OTC painkillers
In short, the safest oral OTC painkiller for older adults is usually acetaminophen, provided you don’t exceed 3,000 mg per day.
If you have any concerns about liver function or alcohol use, plan to use the medication daily on an ongoing basis, or otherwise want to err on the safer side, try to not exceed 2,000 mg per day, and seek medical input as soon as possible.
It is also generally safe to treat pain with over-the-counter topical analgesics. Although oral anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen are risky in older adults, an OTC topical NSAID such as Voltaren is usually safe.
You should also be sure to bring up any chronic pain with your parent’s doctor. It’s important to get help identifying the underlying causes of the pain. The doctor can then help you develop a plan to manage the pain.
And don’t forget to ask about non-drug treatments for pain; they are often safer for older adults, but busy doctors may not bring them up unless you ask. For example, chronic pain self-management programs can be very helpful to some people. Physical therapy, massage, and certain forms of exercise can play an important role in pain relief, especially when it comes to chronic pain.
Now if your older parent is taking acetaminophen often or every day, you’ll want to be sure you’ve accounted for all acetaminophen she might be taking. Remember, acetaminophen is often included in medications for cough and cold, and in prescription painkillers. So you need to look at the ingredients list for all medications of this type. Experts believe that half of acetaminophen overdoses are unintentional, and result from people either making mistakes with their doses or not realizing they are taking other medications containing acetaminophen.
Last but not least: be sure to avoid the “PM” version of any OTC painkiller. The “PM” part means a mild sedative has been included, and such drugs — usually diphenhydramine, which is the main ingredient in Benadryl — are anticholinergic and known to be bad for brain health. (See 7 Common Brain-Toxic Drugs Older Adults Should Use With Caution for more about the risks of anticholinergic drugs.)
My own approach, when I do house calls, is to check the older person’s medicine cabinet. If I find any NSAIDs or over-the-counter anticholinergic medications (e.g. antihistamines, sleep aids, etc), I discuss them with my older patient and usually remove them from the house unless there’s a good reason to leave them.
If acetaminophen isn’t providing enough pain relief
If acetaminophen doesn’t provide enough relief for your mom’s pains, then it may be reasonable to consider over-the-counter (or sometimes prescription) NSAIDs, preferably for a limited period of time. But be sure to discuss the risks and alternatives with the doctor first, and be sure to discuss possible non-drug approaches to lessen pain.
You may also want to ask about prescription topical painkillers, such as gels, creams, and patches. These are generally safer than oral medications, because less of the body is exposed to side effects.
For severe pain, it may also be reasonable to discuss other prescription drug options. Depending on the type of pain, in some cases it can be reasonable to consider using very small doses of opioids, or other types of painkillers. That said, bear in mind that all prescription pain relievers come with risks and can cause serious side effects. In older adults, most will affect brain function and balance.
The truth is that it’s often not possible to treat pain effectively and 100% safely, when it comes to using oral painkiller tablets. But by being informed and proactive, your family can help your mom get better care for her pain, while minimizing the risk of harm from pain relievers.
Good luck!
This article was reviewed & updated in August of 2024.
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